O presente ensaio apresenta os resultados de uma dissertação de mestrado defendida no programa de pós-graduação em Psicologia Social e Institucional da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Realizada entre os anos de 2020 e 2022, em meio à eclosão da pandemia de Covid-19, a pesquisa acompanhou a realização do projeto de extensão Carta ao mundo de que vem, que visou a construção de uma carta coletiva, envolvendo estudantes e docentes de escolas de educação infantil e ensino fundamental (...) do Rio Grande do Sul, Bahia e Portugal. A estratégia de aproximação dos estudantes e instituições se deu de forma remota, sendo a nuvem uma figura importante, a nuvem como repositório digital (armazena-se dados na nuvem) e como habitante do céu (disponível a quem se dispuser a olhar para cima). Este ensaio é situado a partir de duas perguntas: 1) “como pesquisar em tempos de pandemia?”; 2) “como produzir em coletivo com pessoas que não se conhecem?”. Na tentativa de responder a estas questões, busca-se mostrar alguns movimentos cartográficos da pesquisa, resultando em seis pistas anuviadas: 1) o que queremos salvar na nuvem?; 2) qual o sabor de uma nuvem?; 3) o que se passa numa nuvem?; 4) o que você está vendo nesta nuvem?; 5) como era o mundo antes da pandemia?; 6) como foi viver na escola durante a pandemia? Para além das respostas, interessa-nos o potencial de cada uma destas pistas, perguntas que, como nuvens, ainda pairam no ar. (shrink)

Desinformação enquanto um fenômeno social criou uma nova desordem global, onde as novas condições de produção, circulação e consumo de informação fizeram das notícias falsas um importante instrumento geoestratégico que, associado às técnicas híbridas, coloca as ações das mídias comunicacionais em sintonia na geração de notícias falsas. Analisamos a maneira como os meios de comunicação disseminam informações tomando como base cinco filtros indicados por Chomsky e Herman (2003): Filtro 1: Importância, propriedade e orientação dos benefícios dos meios de comunicação; Filtro (...) 2: A publicidade como principal fonte de renda; Filtro 3: O fornecimento de notícias para a mídia; Filtro 4: As medidas corretivas como método para disciplinar a mídia; Filtro 5: Anticomunismo como mecanismo de controle. A análise realizada demonstra que, além de notícias falsas, as notícias reais são manipuladas e orientadas para polarizar ideologicamente, requerendo uma adaptação da sociedade na construção de marcos regulatórios, ao passo que as empresas (desenvolvedoras das redes sociais, por exemplo) e seus logaritmos não conseguem contrariar as redes globais da desinformação que atravessam países, continentes e línguas. (shrink)

To dwell in finitude. The first movement of human existence as residential settlement in Jan Pato?ka’s phenomenological thought Resumen: El presente estudio se centra en la interpretación del primero de los tres movimientos de la existencia humana postulados por el fenomenólogo checo Jan Patocka, como un procedimiento orientado a ocultar la originaria alteridad del Ser y, consecuentemente, a favorecer el habitar humano en el mundo. La propia estructura de nuestra percepción y nuestra relación original con los otros formarían parte de (...) ese mecanismo de inserción residencial que caracteriza al movimiento de “anclaje” o “enraizamiento”. Palabras clave: Patocka, habitar, movimiento de la existencia, enraizamiento.: The present work focuses on the interpretation of the first of the three movements of human existence postulated by the Czech phenomenologist Jan Patocka, as a procedure tending towards the concealing of the original alterity of Being and, in consequence, to favour human dwelling in the world. The structure of our perception itself and our original relation with the others would form part of that residential insertion that characterizes the movement of “anchorage” or “rooting”. Keywords: Patocka, dwelling, movement of existence, rooting. (shrink)

A surgical instrumentation professional is an active member of the surgical team whose essence and formal objective is to maintain life with all the respect and dignity inherent in the human being. The actions of these professionals must be accompanied in a consistent way, so as to protect and preserve life, and thus give meaning to illness, suffering and pain. The objective of this descriptive and cross-sectional study of a prospective nature is to determine what the surgical instrumentation professional knows (...) about bioethical principles and values in light of Colombian Law 1164/ 2007. The target population included surgical instrumentation professionals in the city of Cartagena, specifically, from three health institutions. It was found that veracity, equality and beneficence are the ethical and bioethical principles these professionals know and apply. Those known the least are lesser evil, doing no harm, totality and the principle of the cause of double effect. The values applied the most are: humanity, dignity, responsibility, prudence and confidentiality. It was concluded that the vast majority of surgical instrumentation professionals who were surveyed apply ethical principles and values in their professional practice, but they are unable to name them or to define what they mean. It is suggested the academic community do more to delve into these issues in order to strengthen them for the sake of achieving a comprehensive level of care. (shrink)

The extent to which people anticipate and are influenced by the potential future consequences of their current behavior is called Consideration of Future Consequences. A well-established tool to measure this construct is the 14-item Consideration of Future Consequences Scale. The CFC-14 has shown appropriate psychometric properties in several languages. This scale comprises two factors: the CFC-Immediate and the CFC-Future. The main goal of this study was to assess the psychometric properties and internal consistency of the CFC-14 Scale in Spanish, using (...) an Argentine sample. A secondary goal was to determine its convergent validity with impulsivity, and determine differences across gender and age groups. Using a web-based survey, we collected data from 512 participants aged 13-74 years. Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed a 2-factor model as the best solution for 13-items version. Standardized regression weights ranged from.50 to.66 for CFC-F and between.43 and.83 for CFC-I. Composite reliability was also adequate: CFC-F achieve? =.80 and CFC-I? =.82. There were no differences across gender and age. The CFC-F subscale and UPPS-P subscales correlations, were negative and significant, highlighting the negative and moderate correlation between CFC-F and the lack of premeditation, a dimension strictly related to intertemporal decisions making. Thus, CFC-14 has adequate psychometric properties in an Argentinian population, although more studies are necessary to determine the robustness of these findings. (shrink)

Cause and effect relationships play a central role in how we perceive and make sense of the world around us, how we act upon it, and ultimately, how we understand ourselves. Almost two decades ago, computer scientist Judea Pearl made a breakthrough in understanding causality by discovering and systematically studying the “Ladder of Causation” [Pearl and Mackenzie 2018], a framework that highlights the distinct roles of seeing, doing, and imagining. In honor of this landmark discovery, we name this the Pearl (...) Causal Hierarchy (PCH). In this chapter, we develop a novel and comprehensive treatment of the PCH through two complementary lenses, one logical-probabilistic and another inferential-graphical. Following Pearl’s own presentation of the hierarchy, we begin by showing how the PCH organically emerges from a well-specified collection of causal mechanisms (a structural causal model, or SCM). We then turn to the logical lens. Our first result, the Causal Hierarchy Theorem (CHT), demonstrates that the three layers of the hierarchy almost always separate in a measure theoretic sense. Roughly speaking, the CHT says that data at one layer virtually always underdetermines information at higher layers. Since in most practical settings the scientist does not have access to the precise form of the underlying causal mechanisms – only to data generated by them with respect to some of PCH’s layers – this motivates us to study inferences within the PCH through the graphical lens. Specifically, we explore a set of methods known as causal inference that enable inferences bridging PCH’s layers given a partial specification of the SCM. For instance, one may want to infer what would happen had an intervention been performed in the environment (second-layer statement) when only passive observations (first-layer data) are available. We introduce a family of graphical models that allows the scientist to represent such a partial specification of the SCM in a cognitively meaningful and parsimonious way. Finally, we investigate an inferential system known as docalculus, showing how it can be sufficient, and in many cases necessary, to allow inferences across PCH’s layers. We believe that connecting with the essential dimensions of human experience as delineated by the PCH is a critical step towards creating the next generation of AI systems that will be safe, robust, human-compatible, and aligned with the social good. (shrink)

Since Darwin proposed that human musicality evolved through sexual selection, empirical evidence has supported intersexual selection as one of the adaptive functions of artistic propensities. However, intrasexual competition has been overlooked. We tested their relative importance by investigating the relationship between the self-perceived talent/expertise in 16 artistic and 2 sports modalities and proxies of intersexual selection and intrasexual competition in heterosexuals. Participants were 82 Brazilian men, 166 Brazilian women, 146 Czech men, and 458 Czech women. Factor analysis revealed five factors: (...) Literary-arts, Visual-arts, Musical-arts, Circus-arts, and Sports. Multivariate General Linear Model showed more associations of the arts to intersexual selection in women and to intrasexual selection in men, and overall more relationships in women than in men. In women, literary and musical-arts were related to elevated inter- and intrasexual selections proxies, visual and circus-arts were related to elevated intersexual selection proxies, and sports were related to intrasexual selection proxies. In men, literary-arts and sports were related to elevated inter- and intrasexual selection proxies, musical-arts were related to intrasexual proxies, and circus-arts were related to intersexual proxies; visual-arts did not have predictors. Although present in both sexes, each sexual selection component has different relative importance in each sex. Artisticality functions to attract and maintain long/short-term partners, and to compete with mating rivals. (shrink)

How do we come to like the things that we do? Each one of us starts from a relatively similar state at birth, yet we end up with vastly different sets of aesthetic preferences. These preferences go on to define us both as individuals and as members of our cultures. Therefore, it is important to understand how aesthetic preferences form over our lifetimes. This poses a challenging problem: to understand this process, one must account for the many factors at play (...) in the formation of aesthetic values and how these factors influence each other over time. A general framework based on basic neuroscientific principles that can also account for this process is needed. Here, we present such a framework and illustrate it through a model that accounts for the trajectories of aesthetic values over time. Our framework is inspired by meta-analytic data of neuroimaging studies of aesthetic appraisal. This framework incorporates effects of sensory inputs, rewards, and motivational states. Crucially, each one of these effects is probabilistic. We model their interactions under a reinforcement-learning circuitry. Simulations of this model and mathematical analysis of the framework lead to three main findings. First, different people may develop distinct weighing of aesthetic variables because of individual variability in motivation. Second, individuals from different cultures and environments may develop different aesthetic values because of unique sensory inputs and social rewards. Third, because learning is stochastic stemming from probabilistic sensory inputs, motivations, and rewards, aesthetic values vary in time. These three theoretical findings account for different lines of empirical research. Through our study, we hope to provide a general and unifying framework for understanding the various aspects involved in the formation of aesthetic values over time. (shrink)

This article tries to show William James’s presence in the works of Eugenio d’Ors by offering key textual evidence. Both the agreement and disagreement between these two philosophers can help to understand the intellectual itinerary of the Spanish philosopher.

La narrativa de José Saramago es centro de análisis reciente para todos aquel que incursionen en la literatura contemporánea. A través de La caverna, el escritor expone un sinnúmero de situaciones que deben ser reflexionadas y que en el presente artículo se abordan desde la perspectiva de los estudios culturales. Entre otros, se resalta el uso del lenguaje popular, la dialéctica entre lo rural y lo urbano, y finalmente la exclusión social y el consumismo. Este es, por lo tanto, un (...) estudio de análisis crítico de la obra La caverna de José Saramago, apoyado además en los trabajos interdisciplinarios que otros pensadores han ofrecido al respecto. El aporte desde los estudios culturales y la crítica realizada por Saramago no son ajenos a la preocupación por el ser, pues este se ve acorralado por las dinámicas que la sociedad impone. (shrink)

De entrada, es importante resaltar dos aspectos fundamentales, a efectos de que me quedenentendibles estos supuestos que van a reglar el C.P.P. en el nuevo sistema acusatorio. Partamosde la base de que el nuevo sistema acusatorio deja intactos una serie de principios rectores que se consagran aún en todos los sistemas procesales anteriores, y que postulados como el de la DIGNIDAD HUMANA, LA COSA JUZGADA, EL JUEZ NATURAL, la DOBLE INSTANCIA, etc., que ustedes estudiaron en su cátedra de Procedimiento Pena, (...) los conserva intactos el nuevo Código de Procedimiento Penal. De ahí, que haré énfasis en aquellos que han de ser objeto de caracterización esencial en el nuevo sisten1a acusatorio de la Legislación Procesal Penal en Colombia. (shrink)

El autor entrega una visión global del barrio Yungay, desde lo conceptual y lo histórico hasta el estudio de la percepción que tienen de él sus actuales habitantes. Lo resalta como uno de los más antiguos de la ciudad de Santiago, y hoy uno de los doce barrios mayores de la comuna de Santiago. El trabajo entrega también estudios sobre sus funciones, tales como servicio de transporte, equipamientos comerciales, administrativos, sociales, culturales y de esparcimiento.

El objetivo de este artículo es dar cuenta de la conexión establecida por Aristóteles entre la stásis y la democracia en el Libro V de la Política. Condiciones básicas de ocurrencia de la stásis en una democracia son la existencia de una desigualdad elemental dentro de la ciudad, la acción de un demagogo que explota esta realidad, y la sensación de injusticia percibida por los pobres. La stásis en la democracia, según un análisis comprensivo de lo expuesto en la Política, (...) no lleva nunca a una situación políticamente mejor o más estable. (shrink)

Este artículo examina la teoría del reconocimiento de Axel Honneth y la teoría de la resonancia de Hartmut Rosa en relación con el problema de la democracia. La tesis central que discutimos es que ambos exponentes contemporáneos de la Teoría Crítica perfilan una comprensión de la democracia en tanto experiencia ética. Desde esta óptica caracterizamos el lugar particular que ambos enfoques asumen en el contexto de los debates contemporáneos entre perspectivas deliberativas y agonistas sobre la democracia. Por último, sugerimos también (...) algunas diferencias entre las aproximaciones que Honneth y Rosa formulan sobre la democracia en sus respectivos esfuerzos de renovación de la Teoría Crítica. (shrink)

En este artículo se examinan las teorías inscritas en el denominado giro ético de la teoría crítica, iniciado por Honneth con su teoría del reconocimiento y continuado por Rosa y Jaeggi con sus respectivas concepciones de una sociología de la vida buena en la forma de la resonancia y una concepción dialéctico-pragmática de los procesos de emancipación de las formas de vida. El propósito principal es distinguir el lugar de la dimensión ético-afectiva de la vida buena, respecto de las tradiciones (...) normativas ético-abstinentes, orientadas más bien por un concepto de justicia. (shrink)

Una interpretación aristotélica del concepto de desarrollo humano propone como fin último del desarrollo la eudaimonía o felicidad, esto es, la plena realización de la capacidad eudemónica en el alma humana. Para esto se requiere del desarrollo de sus partes racional e irracional, lo que demanda como medios una ética y una dianoética del desarrollo, referidos a los modos de ser de las respectivas partes del alma. La interacción entre ambas partes genera siempre un ciclo virtuoso, existiendo la posibilidad de (...) influencias externas a través de la educación, la costumbre, la economía, la legislación y la política. (shrink)

This article addresses the need to interpret Latin American philosophy from its narrative experience. To do this, we must grasp the reflective style of Latin America as a way of cultural configuration and as a symbol work of its own. In addition, to identify Latin American philosophy as a tactic to respond and resist the strategy of the European hegemonic power is essential. Finally, it is argued it is not possible to think of Latin American identity without practicing a political (...) ethic which transposes the figures of narratives with the figures of history to the justice demand situation in which we find ourselves. (shrink)